Abstract:

Understanding how to preserve stable and high-quality particle beams is essential for the design of future high-energy colliders, which aim to reach new levels of precision and performance. This work investigates how charged particle beams behave in such machines under strong electromagnetic forces. Two main collective effects are considered: beam-beam interactions, where colliding bunches disturb each other’s motion, and wake fields, electromagnetic disturbances created as beams travel through the accelerator environment. Their combined influence can generate instabilities that limit beam quality and collider performance. Using dedicated simulation tools and analytical models, the study examines these effects in detail, identifies a new type of transverse instability relevant to future designs, and explores methods to suppress or mitigate its impact on machine operation.