It is expected that measurements of the large-scale structure of the Universe will soon become our leading sources of fundamental cosmological information. In this talk, I will review some of the major progress, both theoretical and data-oriented, that we have made in understanding the physics of galaxy clustering, as well as what we might hope to learn about new physics (including primordial non-Gaussianities) from these measurements. A key milestone in this direction has been the advent and development of the Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure (EFT of LSS), a theoretical framework that allows for a controlled and consistent perturbative expansion (analogous to the QFT loop expansion) of cosmological observables on large scales. After reviewing galaxy clustering surveys and the theoretical underpinnings of the EFT of LSS, I will describe some recent results. Overall, we find that including higher-order predictions significantly increases the amount of information that can be reliably extracted from existing data sets. This points to even larger gains from future surveys such as DESI, Euclid, and MegaMapper, and opens the door to exploring exciting new physics with precision large-scale structure measurements.